Statistics how-to guides
Short, practical guides to the calculations students and analysts search for most: how to do them by hand, in Excel or Google Sheets, and how to read the result.
-
How to calculate standard deviation in Excel
STDEV.S or STDEV.P? Which function to use, how to type it, and how to check the answer by hand.
-
How to find a p-value in Excel
The exact Excel formulas for p-values from z, t, chi-square and F statistics, and straight from your data with T.TEST.
Tool: P-value calculator
-
How to read a box plot
What the box, the line, the whiskers and the dots mean, and how to compare groups and spot skew.
Tool: Box plot maker
-
How to calculate a z-score
The z-score formula step by step, turning it into a percentile, and doing it all in Excel or Google Sheets.
Tool: Z-score calculator
-
How to make a histogram in Excel and Google Sheets
Build a histogram with the built-in chart, set the bins, and avoid the bin-edge trap that changes your counts.
Tool: Histogram maker
-
How to calculate NPS in Excel and Google Sheets
One COUNTIF formula turns 0-10 survey scores into a Net Promoter Score, plus how to tell if a change is real.